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Objective@#This study aimed to assess the risk of cumulative exposure to Pb, Cd, Hg, and iAs through aquatic products consumed by Chinese people.@*Methods@#Heavy metal concentration data were obtained from the national food contamination monitoring program during 2013-2017. Consumption data were derived from the China National Food Consumption Survey in 2014 and the relative potency factor (RPF) method was used to estimate cumulative exposure for neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.@*Results@#The results demonstrated that the cumulative exposure based on neurotoxicity was below the lower confidence limit on benchmark doses of lead (BMDL @*Conclusion@#The cumulative exposures of the 2-6 year-old group to the four heavy metals did not reach (but came close to) the corresponding safety threshold for both neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Given that there are still other food sources of these four heavy metals, it is necessary to more closely study their cumulative health effects.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Animals , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Arsenic/analysis , Dietary Exposure/analysis , Environmental Monitoring , Food Contamination/analysis , Metals, Heavy/analysis , Risk Assessment , Seafood/analysis , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysisABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the level of cadmium(Cd)in commercial aquatic products in Xiacheng District, Hangzhou. Methods We randomly collected 293 aquatic products which belonged to six aquatic animals in the markets in Xiacheng District to determine the content of Cd. It was further evaluated by single factor pollution index(PI)according to the standard GB 2762-2017. In 11 samples of swimming crabs, Cd was examined in the different parts. Results There was no significant difference in the content of Cd between the samples collected in the markets and those in the supermarkets. It significantly differed in the samples of different aquatic animals(P < 0.05). The prevalence of Cd that exceeded the standard was as follows: seawater crustaceans(28.6%) > cephalopods(11.1%) > freshwater crustaceans(8.4%) > bivalves(6.9%). However, it was not excessive in the samples of fish. The mean level of Cd in the seawater crustaceans was 0.466 3 mg/kg, which resulted in the proportion of the samples that were excessive being 28.6%. Particularly, the mean level in sea crab was as high as 1.101 mg/kg with the proportion being 66.7%. In the samples of swimming crabs, there was a significant difference in the prevalence of Cd between swimming crab gonads and crab chests or legs(P > 0.05), while no statistical difference between crab chests and legs(P > 0.05). Conclusion The content of Cd in the aquatic products may be excessive in Xiacheng District, which warrants additional regulatory efforts to food safety. The public should reduce the consumption of aquatic products with high content of Cd.
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Objective To investigate the status of cadmium contamination in commercially sold aquatic products and to analyze the risk of dietary intake of cadmium among residents in one district of Shanghai. Methods Multistage sampling was used to collect 397 animal aquatic products from agricultural markets and supermarkets in 11 communities (townships), the District from 2018 to 2019.Cadmium content was tested according to national standard.The status of cadmium contamination was assessed by single factor pollution index(Pi)method.Risk of dietary intake of cadmium among residents was assessed by point evaluation method in combination with food consumption and dietary survey in 2013 and calculation of safe limits for cadmium in various aquatic diets(MOS). Results The detection rate of cadmium was 75.06% in the 397 animal aquatic products and the content of cadmium in 10 samples which crabs were totally exceeded the standard, accounting for 2.52%.The average contents of cadmium in crabs, bivalves which were higher than in shrimps(11.0 μg/kg), gastropods(7.6 μg/kg) and marine fish(3.8 μg/kg) were respectively 140.0 μg/kg and 90.0 μg/kg(χ2=186.41, P < 0.005), but no cadmium was detected in freshwater fish.The single factor pollution index(Pi) of crabs was 0.280 which meant light pollution and the Pi of other kinds of aquatic products was respectively under 0.100 that meant no cadmium contamination.The consumption of animal aquatic products was the highest in freshwater fish followed by shrimps, marine fish and crabs.The MOS of every kind of aquatic products is higher than 1 which meant cadmium intake from commercially sold animal products was an acceptable health risk for the population. Conclusion The risk level of cadmium intake by residents in the district through commercially sold animal aquatic products is relatively low, but the cadmium pollution status of commercially sold crustacean crabs should be vigilant, and the intake of crabs is advised to be reduced as far as possible.Relevant departments should also pay attention and strengthen monitoring and management in this regard.
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An ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of 11 kinds of aminoglycosides (AGs), including paromomycin, spectinomycin, tobramycin, gentamycin, kanamycin, hygromycin B, apramycin, streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin,amikacin and neomycin in aquatic products. Samples were extracted by phosphate buffer solution, and purified on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) solid phase extraction column. After separated by Obelisc R chromatographic column, AGs were detected by UPLC-MS/MS. It showed a good linearity relationship in the AGs concentration range of 1.0-1000 ng/mL with the correlation coefficient R2>0.994. The limit of detection (LOD,S/N≥3) was ranged from 1.0 μg/kg to 10.0 μg/kg,and the limit of quantitation (LOQ,S/N≥10) was ranged from 2.0 μg/kg to 20.0 μg/kg. Besides, the average recoveries presented 78.4%-109.6% with the relative standard deviation (RSD, n=6) of 2.3%-14.9%. This method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of 11 kinds of AGs with high sensitivity in aquatic products.
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A sensitive method was proposed for determination of 13 kinds of sulfonylurea herbicides residues in aquatic products by solid phase extraction-ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-UPLC-MS/MS). The edible part of carp, penaeus vannamei,crab,clam and sea cucumber were collected and homogenized. Analytes was extracted with ethyl acetate,and then cleaned up by MAX solid phase extraction column. Qualitation of the analytes was achieved with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and the external standard method was used for quantification. The 13 kinds of sulfonylurea herbicides showed good linearity in the concentration range of 5.0-100.0 μg/L respectively. The detection limits of the 13 analytes were 1.0 μg/kg, and the limit of quantification was 2.0 μg/kg. The average recoveries ranged from 75.4% to 118.3% with relative standard deviations from 2.1% to 14.5%. The 13 target analytes were not detected in grass carp,carp,sea cucumber,prawn,turbot of breeding and crabs from the market. The halosulfuron-methyl was detected in the edible tissues of crabs exposed to a 1.0 mg/L halosulfuron-methyl solution for 24,48 and 72 h,and the concentrations were 6.20, 12.1 and 16. 6 μg/kg respectively. The method can be stable and sensitive, and is applied to the determination of 13 kinds of sulfonylurea herbicides residues in aquatic products.
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We studied the status of parasite pollution in fish and shrimps in Fujian Province,and provided basis for prevention and control of parasite pollution and food safety in aquatic products.Stratified random sampling method was used,and Fujian Province was divide into Eastern,Southern,Western,Northern and Central five regions of Fujian province.Based on the data collected from the five regions between 2012 and 2016,digestion and compression methods were conducted to detect the levels of parasite metacercariae and larvae in both freshwater and marine products.Results showed that the total parasitoid infection rate was 5.15％ (130/2 524).The infection rate of trematode metacercariae and nematode larvae were 3.72％ (94/2524) and 1.43％ (36/2 524),respectively.Twenty-eight marine aquatic species were investigated and the infection rate was 17.25 ％ (88/510),in the form of Anisakis infection.The parasite infection rates in the five regions were 10.38％ (27/260) in Mindong,5.84％ (27/462) inMinnan,4.63％ (30/648) in Minxi,4.64％ (29/625) in Minbei and 9.91％ (103/1 039) in Minzhong.The freshwater products in Fujian Province have been polluted by parasites and are area-depended.The infection rate of marine aquatic products is kept in a high level.Fujian Province should strengthen the food safety and health publicity,take effective prevention and control strategies,and use early warning mechanisms to insure the food safety in province.
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Objective A method for quantitative determination of 16 kinds of organochlorine pesticide (OCPs) in aquatic prod-ucts by gas chromatography (GC)was established .Methods The sample was extracted by acetonitrile ,purified by Carb/NH2 ,and then determined by GC .Results The linear relations of 16 kinds of OCPs were good at 0 .05 - 1 .00 mg/L(r> 0 .998) .The limit of detection of OCPs was in the range of 0 .04 - 0 .31 μg /kg(S/N = 3) .When the standard levels were 50 ,100 ,200 μg /kg ,the recovery rates were 72 .6% - 115 .2% ,the relative standard deviations were 0 .6% - 7 .5% .Conclusion The method established in this stud-y is applied to the determination of 16 kinds of OCPs in real samples with satisfactory results .
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Objective To estimate the health risk due to the consumption of aquatic products contaminated by Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Shanghai , and provide the basis for control of foodborne diseases associated with this pathogen . Methods According to the guidelines provided by Codex Alimentarius Commission ( CAC) , we performed a quantitative microbial risk assessment model with four steps :hazard identification , hazard characterization , exposure assessment and risk characterization .The surveillance data of Vibrio parahaemolyticus concentration in aquatic products from Shanghai during 2011 and 2013 and Shanghai residents ’ aquatic products consumption data were added in the model .And the parameters were set in this model based on the FAO/WHO scientific literature .A Monte Carlo simulation method was employed to analyze the increase of Vibrio parahaemolyticus concentration in aquatic products from market to table, and quantify the exposure and health risk of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by consuming aquatic products in Shanghai . Results The mean value of probability of infectious illness caused by aquatic products contaminated by Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Shanghai was 1.2 ×10 -6 .That indicated the number of infectious illnesses associated with Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Shanghai might reach 10 746 cases every year based on the population data from Shanghai Statistical Yearbook in 2014 . Conclusion There is the certain health risk of suffering from the disease due to the consumption of aquatic products contaminated by Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Shanghai .Decreasing the occurrence of eating raw aquatic products and controlling the temperature and time of aquatic products processing and storage were determined as the critical factors for suppressing foodborne diseases caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus.
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A method for the determination of methylmercury ( MeHg ) and ethylmercury ( EtHg ) in aquatic products was developed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with stable isotope-labelled internal standard. After ultrasonication assisted hydrochloric acid extraction, MeHg and EtHg in samples were extracted into toluene under the presence of sodium chloride and then back-extracted into cysteine aqueous solution. The MeHg and EtHg were released from their complexes with cysteine by adding cupric ions, and then derived with sodium tetraphenylborate. Under the optimal chromatographic conditions, MeHgPh and EtHgPh, the resulting derivatives, were separated completely on a DB-5MS capillary column and detected by electron impact ionization mass spectrometry in the selective ion monitoring ( SIM) mode, and quantified by a stable isotope dilution method using the d3-methylmercury as internal standard. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 1-500 μg/L of MeHg and EtHg. Concentration of 0. 828 mg Hg/kg with relative standard deviation ( RSD ) of 3 . 2% ( n=6 ) was obtained for MeHg in GBW 10029 . This was in good agreement with the certified values of (0. 84±0. 03) mg Hg/kg. The average recoveries were 94%-101% and 81%-104% for MeHg and EtHg spiked in aquatic samples, with RSDs of 1. 9%-4. 7% and 3. 1%-8. 2%(n=6), respectively. The limits of detection (S/N=3) of the two targets were 0. 1-0. 3μg/kg. This method was sensitive, accurate and could meet the demand of the determination of methylmercury and ethylmercury in aquatic products.
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The aim of this study is to understand the condition of contamination and drug resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus(Vp) isolated in the aquatic products in the retail market of Shanghai, and provide evidence for prevention and treatment of disease caused by this organism. From May to July of 2008, 273 aquatic products of three species from the fish markets in Shanghai were collected to isolate Vp. It was found that the average rates of contamination with Vp was 38.46%, the rates of contamination in crustacean, shellfish and fishes were 50.96%, 27.12%, and 15.79 % respectively, with a significant difference in the prevalence(P<0.01). All isolates tested for susceptibility to 10 antibiotics by K-B method. Of the 105 isolates examined, all strains were sensitive to ceftriaxone, nalidixic acid and norfloxacin. The resistant rates to ampicillin was 69.52%. while 20 Vp strains showed multiple resistance to many antibiotics. It is concluded that the aquatic products retailed in Shanghai were seriously contaminated by Vp, showing a multi-drug resistance pattern.
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Malachite green (MG) is a dye which has been widely used as a topical fungicide and antiseptic in aquaculture throughout the world. Now,MG has become a highly controversial compound due to its potential highly residual and toxic characteristics in recent years. In the paper,the advances in toxicity,toxicological mechanism,detection methods,metabolism and removal of malachite green and its metabolite were reviewed,and the problems in aquaculture and the safety of aquaculture technology were discussed,in order to make us be aware of potential hazard of malachite green and provide a dependable evidences of safely breeding in aquatic products.